School of Mechanical Essay Example

School of Mechanical Essay Example School of Mechanical Essay School of Mechanical Essay School of Mechanical and Building Sciences Term End Examination – Model Question Paper – April / May 2011 B. Tech. Mechanical Engineering VI Semester Course: MEE308 Industrial Engineering and Management Time: Three hours Max. Marks: 100 Part-A (55 = 25 Marks) Answer any FIVE questions 1. Explain the need for sales forecasting. 2. Discuss about various elements of cost. 3. Bring out the importance of industrial engineering in an industry giving suitable examples. 4. Draw the symbols used for different recording techniques and bring out their importance. 5. How the plant layouts are related to type of production? . What are the factors that influence the selection of material handling equipment? 7. Distinguish between job production and mass production. Part-B (515 = 75Marks) Answer any FIVE questions 8. (a) Compare moving average and exponential smoothing forecasting methods. (b) The annual sales (in Lakhs of rupees) of a product for the past eleven years in given below: Year: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 891011 Sales: 45 43 50 51 62 52 54 64 60 74 71 Using linear regression analysis, forecast the sales for 12th year. 5+10Marks) 9. A medium scale industry incurs the following costs for their products annually. The production volume on an average is 12000 a year. i) Raw material cost including losses due to scrap and wastage (due to rejection) = Rs. 50000 ii) Tool cost = Rs. 4000 iii) Cost of lubricants, cutting fluids, grease etc. = Rs. 2000 iv) Wages to skilled hands engaged on production = Rs. 20000 v) Wages to foremen, other supervisory staff = Rs. 40000 vi) Expenses of office staff (salary, bonus etc. = Rs. 12000 vii) Expenses on sales and distribution agencies = Rs. 8000 viii) Expenses on insurance, lighting etc. = Rs. 4000 Find (a) selling price if 10% is profit on unit cost, (b) direct cost as percent of total cost and (c) indirect cost as percent of total cost. 10. (a) Illustrate different strategies for improving the productivity with examples. (b) Enlist the factors influencing productivity. Explain how each factor will affect productivity. (7 + 8Marks) 11. Describe the steps for doing a method study of job process.Illustrate one of the recording techniques used in the method improvement with a case example. 12. (a) Explain flexible manufacturing system. Its advantages and disadvantages. (b) Discuss the role of material handling systems in improving the productivity of a company. (10+5Marks) 13. Consider the following data on layout planning Area of departments and scale: Department Area (m2) 1. 8000 2. 12000 3. 12000 4. 8000 5. 8000 6. 12000 7. 8000 REL chart: |1 |- | |2 |O |- | |3 |E |U |- | 4 |E |I |U |- | |5 |I |O |A |I |- | |6 |O |U |O |U |A |- | |7 |E | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 | |For K product |25 |15 |120 |0 |60 |0 |15 |0 |What should be the size of the orders for item M and when should the orders be released? (5+10Marks) K LT = 2 M(2) LT = 1 R(1) LT = 3 P(2) LT = 4 J LT = 1 M(1) LT = 1

The Cenozoic Era Continues Today

The Cenozoic Era Continues Today Following the Precambrian Time, Paleozoic Era, and Mesozoic Era on the geologic time scale is the Cenozoic Era, which began 65 million years ago and continues to the present. After the Cretaceous-Tertiary, or,  K-T, Extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era, which eliminated 80 percent of all  species  of  animals, the Earth found itself needing to rebuild. Now that all dinosaurs besides birds were extinct, mammals had the opportunity to flourish. Without competition for resources from dinosaurs, mammals had the opportunity to grow. The Cenozoic was the first era that saw humans evolve. Much of what is commonly thought of as evolution has happened in the Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic Era Begins The first period of the Cenozoic Era called the Tertiary Period has been divided into the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Most of the Paleogene Period saw birds and small mammals become more diverse and grow greatly in numbers. Primates started to live in trees, and some mammals adapted to live part-time in the water. Marine animals didnt have such luck during this period when massive global changes resulted in many deep-sea animals going extinct. The climate had cooled significantly from tropical and humid during the Mesozoic Era, which changed the types of plants that did well on land. Lush, tropical plants were replaced by deciduous plants, including the first grass. The Neogene Period saw continuing cooling trends. The climate resembled what it is today and would be considered seasonal. Toward the end of the period, however, the Earth was plunged into an ice age. Sea levels fell, and the continents came to roughly the positions they hold today. Many ancient forests were replaced with expansive grasslands as the climate continued to dry out, leading to the rise of grazing animals such as horses, antelope, and bison. Mammals and birds continued to diversify and dominate. The Neogene Period is also considered the start of human evolution. During this time the first human-like ancestors, the hominids, appeared in Africa and moved into Europe and Asia. Humans Start to Dominate The final period in the Cenozoic Era, the current period, is the Quaternary Period. It began in an ice age where glaciers advanced and retreated over parts of the Earth that are now considered temperate climates, such as North America, Europe, Australia, and the southern part of South America. The Quaternary Period is marked by the rise of human dominance. Neanderthals came into existence and then went extinct. The modern human evolved and became the dominant species on Earth. Other mammals continued to diversify and branch off into various species. The same happened with marine species. There were a few extinctions over this period due to the changing climate, but plants adapted to the various climates that emerged after the glaciers retreated. Tropical areas never had glaciers, so lush, warm-weather plants thrived all during the Quaternary Period. Areas that became temperate had many grasses and deciduous plants, while slightly colder climates saw the re-emergence of conifers and small shrubs. No End in Sight for the Cenozoic Era The Quaternary Period and Cenozoic Era continue today and likely will remain until the next mass extinction event. Humans remain dominant, and new species are discovered daily. While in the early 21st-century climate is changing once again and some species are going extinct, no one knows when the Cenozoic Era will end.